Untuk makluman semua, semua paparan yang terpapar di laman utama saya ialah hasil tulisan saya semasa berada di Matrik dan kini saya gunakan blog ini sebagai medium untuk menyelesaikan tugasan saya di UPSI dalam subjek SKI3013. 

PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
~ Programming language are categorized according to the approach they use to solve a problem.
~Paradigm is a way in which a programming language looks at the problem to be solves.

Consists to 3 types of programming language.
1) PROCEDURAL
2)OBJECT ORIENTED
3)LOGIC


PROCEDURAL
~Programming paradigm which based upon the concept of procedural calls, in which statement are structured into procedures(also known as subroutines or functions).
~Procedural calls are modular and are bound by scope.

OBJECT ORIENTED
~Programming paradigm which is based on the concept of objects.
~Programmer identify objects which are items that can contain both data and the procedures that read or manipulate that data.
~Data and procedures are encapsulated.
~An object represent a real person,place,event, or transaction.
For examples; employees name, salary and phone number.

LOGIC
~ Programming paradigm whivh is largely based on formal logic.
~Any programn written in logiv programming language is a set of sentences in logical form,expressing facts and rules about some problem domain.




LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR.

Consists of compiler, interpreter and assembler.

 COMPILER-  a program that translates the entire source

PROGRAMMING

Hello everyone...
Today i'm gonna share about programming. this is the last topic that i need to study in my first year at matriculation college.

PROGRAM
Basically, PROGRAM is set of instructions that tells a computer to perform task. Instruction must be written in the way the computer can understand which is created by programmer using a programming launguage.Examples of programs include Web browsers, word processors, e-mail clients, video games, and system utilities. These programs are often called applications, which can be used synonymously with "software programs".


Continue with programming.

PROGRAMMING
Programming is  instructing a computer to do something for you with with the help of a programming language.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Define as a set of words, symbol, and codes that enables a programmer to give instructions to a computer. It also known as a set of commands that a computer has been "taught" to understand and its contains instruction for the computer to perform a specific action or a specific task.

 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE  are categorized according to the approach they use to solve a problem.
  

The next one is i want to discuss what is JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The Java Programming Language is a general-purpose, concurrent, strongly typed, class-based object-oriented language. It is normally compiled to the bytecode instruction set and binary format defined in the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

Java also known as  a popular general-purpose programming language and computing platform. It is fast, reliable, and secure. According to Oracle, the company that owns Java, Java runs on 3 billion devices worldwide.
Considering the number of Java developers, devices running Java, and companies adapting it, it's safe to say that Java will be around for many years to come.
This guide will provide everything you need to know about Java programming language before you learn it. More specifically, you will learn about features of Java programming, its applications, reasons to learn it, and how you can learn it the right way.

 

Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore easy to write, compile, debug, and learn than other programming languages. This allows you to create modular programs and reusable code. One of the most significant advantages of Java is its ability to move easily from one computer system to another.
Why we choose JAVA?
We choose JAVA bc it is easy to use, reliability, security and platform independent.





If you need more information. You can find it in internet. Well, internet is full of information that you want. FYI, this is a task given in my practical class. so here i am with my few information that i copied in few sites. But surely i did understand it.
Thank you for reading.



REFERENCE:
lecture notes cs kmk
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/language/index.html
https://www.google.com/search?q=java+programming+language&client=firefox-b-ab&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkpf-6jMbdAhVMKY8KHY3RCS8Q_AUICSgA&biw=1366&bih=669&d
 

HELLO GUYS... OKAY THIS IS THE ENTRIES OF DATABASE THAT SHOULD BE KNOWN BY CS STUDENT.

And fyi this chapter gonna be your multimedia test which is carry 15% of your PSPM.
BEST OF LUCK...
47 DAYS TO GO. 







 

Database

A database is a data structure that stores organized information. Most databases contain multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. For example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information stored in the table.
Nearly all e-commerce sites uses databases to store product inventory and customer information. These sites use a database management system (or DBMS), such as Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro, or MySQL as the "back end" to the website. By storing website data in a database, the data can be easily searched, sorted, and updated. This flexibility is important for e-commerce sites and other types of dynamic websites.
Early databases were relatively "flat," which means they were limited to simple rows and columns, like a spreadsheet. (See also "flat file database"). However, today's relational databases allow users to access, update, and search information based on the relationship of data stored in different tables. Relational databases can also run queries that involve multiple databases. While early databases could only store text or numeric data, modern databases also let users store other data types such as sound clips, pictures, and videos.

DBMS

Stands for "Database Management System." In short, a DBMS is a database program. Technically speaking, it is a software system that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs.
Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro. Since there are so many database management systems available, it is important for there to be a way for them to communicate with each other. For this reason, most database software comes with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver that allows the database to integrate with other databases. For example, common SQL statements such as SELECT and INSERT are translated from a program's proprietary syntax into a syntax other databases can understand.

Table (database)

A table is a collection of related data held in a structured format within a database. It consists of columns, and rows.
In relational databases, and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect.^[1] A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows.^[2] Each row is identified by one or more values appearing in a particular column subset. A specific choice of columns which uniquely identify rows is called the primary key.
"Table" is another term for "relation"; although there is the difference in that a table is usually a multiset (bag) of rows where a relation is a set and does not allow duplicates. Besides the actual data rows, tables generally have associated with them some metadata, such as constraints on the table or on the values within particular columns.^{[dubious – discuss]}
The data in a table does not have to be physically stored in the database. Views also function as relational tables, but their data are calculated at query time. External tables (in Informix^[3] or Oracle,^[4][5] for example) can also be thought of as views.

Flat file database

Example of a flat file model^[1]

A flat file database is a database stored as an ordinary unstructured file called a "flat file". To access the structure of the data and manipulate it on a computer system, the file must be read in its entirety into the computer's memory. Upon completion of the database operations, the file is again written out in its entirety to the host's file system. In this stored mode the database is said to be "flat", meaning that it has no structure for indexing and there are usually no structural relationships between the records. A flat file can be a plain text file or a binary file.
The term has generally implied a small, simple database. As computer memory has become cheaper, more sophisticated databases can now be entirely held in memory for faster access. These newer databases would not generally be referred to as flat-file databases.

Query

Query is another word for question. In fact, outside of computing terminology, the words "query" and "question" can be used interchangeably. For example, if you need additional information from someone, you might say, "I have a query for you." In computing, queries are also used to retrieve information. However, computer queries are sent to a computer system and are processed by a software program rather than a person.
One type of query, which many people perform multiple times a day, is a search query. Each time you search for something using a search engine, you perform a search query. When you press Enter, the keywords are sent to the search engine and are processed using an algorithm that retrieves related results from the search index. The results of your query appear on a search engine results page, or SERP.
Another common type of query is a database query. Databases store data in a structured format, which can be accessed using queries. In fact, the structured query language (SQL) was designed specifically for this purpose. Users can create SQL queries that retrieve specific information from a database. For example, an human resources manager may perform a query on an employee database that selects all employees in a specific department that were hired between 11 and 12 months ago. The results might be used to provide the department head with current candidates for an annual review.
While you may not always notice them, computer queries are happening all the time. For instance, most dynamic websites query a database each time you visit a new page. Software applications often contain background functions that perform queries based on your input. While many types of computer queries exist, their basic purpose is the same — to receive an answer to a question.
NOTE: The word "query" can be used as either noun or a verb. For example, you can "perform a search query" or "query a database." Both examples are correct uses of the word "query."

Record

A record is a database entry that may contain one or more values. Groups of records are stored in a table, which defines what types of data each record may contain. Databases may contain multiple tables which may each contain multiple records.
Records are often called rows since each new record creates a new row in the table. Individual fields are sometimes called columns since they are the same for each record within a table. While the words "record" and "row" are often used interchangeably, most DBMSes use the word "row" for database queries and error messages. Therefore, if you see an error message on a website that says "Unable to jump to row 89," for example, it means the record was not found in the database.
Records are an efficient way to store and access data. Since each record may contain multiple data types, a single record may include many different types of information. For example, a personnel record may contain an ID number, name, birthdate, and photo, which are all different data types. Individual fields within the personnel record can be easily accessed or compared with other records using a database query. Additionally, records can be easily created, modified, and deleted without affecting other data in the database.
NOTE: The word "record" is also a verb (pronounced "re-cord"), which means to capture and save audio and/or video data.

Field

A field is a user interface element designed for entering data. Many software applications include text fields that allow you to provide input using your keyboard or touchscreen. Websites often include form fields, which you can use to enter and submit information.
In software programs, the terms "field" and "text box" may be used interchangeably. For example, a world processor may provide several formatting options, such as font size, line spacing, and page margins. Each option includes a text box where you can manually enter custom settings. Many applications also include a search field (or "search box") that allows you to search the contents of one or more documents.
When you visit a website, it may provide a form that allows you to enter data, such as your billing address or registration information. Each single-line text box within a web form is called an "input" field and is defined by <input type="text"> in HTML. Fields with more than one line are called text areas and are created using the <textarea> tag. You may also encounter login forms that include two fields for entering your username and password. Most password fields are defined as <input type="password"> which hides the characters as you type.
NOTE: Databases also include fields. Each row or "record" in a database table may include multiple fields. The table columns define what fields are available in each row. Therefore, a specific column and row combination (such as Row: 101, Column: Name) defines a specific field. Individual fields in a database may be searched and modified using standard SQL queries.

Primary Key

A primary key is a unique identifier for a database record. When a table is created, one of the fields is typically assigned as the primary key. While the primary key is often a number, it may also be a text field or other data type. For example, if a database contains definitions of computer terms, it would make sense that each term is only listed once in the database. By defining the "Term" field as the primary key, it would ensure that no term is listed more than once in the database.
While a table's primary key is usually assigned to a specific field, it can also be comprised of multiple values. For example, a database of news articles might use both the title and date fields to uniquely identify each entry. By combining the "Title" and "Date" fields as the primary key, it would ensure no entries have the same title on the same day.
If multiple fields in a table cannot have duplicate values, most database management system (DBMS) also allow fields to be defined as "Unique." This is similar to setting a field as the primary key, but is not exactly the same thing. The primary key also acts as a pointer to the record and provides a simple way for the DBMS to search, sort, and access the records. It also helps relate records across multiple tables. Therefore, while multiple fields within a table can be defined as "Unique," each table can only have one primary key. The primary key field must also be defined for each record and not set to null. After all, a undefined identifier is not very useful.

Foreign Key

Definition - What does Foreign Key mean?

A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that provides a link between data in two tables. It acts as a cross-reference between tables because it references the primary key of another table, thereby establishing a link between them.
The majority of tables in a relational database system adhere to the foreign key concept. In complex databases and data warehouses, data in a domain must be added across multiple tables, thus maintaining a relationship between them. The concept of referential integrity is derived from foreign key theory.
Foreign keys and their implementation are more complex than primary keys.

 
 

THIS ENTRIES FOLLOWED BY REFERENCE.


REFERENCE:

https://techterms.com/definition/field
https://techterms.com/definition/relational_database
https://techterms.com/definition/database
https://techterms.com/definition/record
https://techterms.com/definition/field
https://techterms.com/definition/primarykey
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/7272/foreign-key
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_file_database

NEW FOR ME

How do I take a screenshot (picture of my computer screen) using Windows XP?

1.  Click on the window you would like to capture.
2.  Press Ctrl + Print Screen (Print Scrn) by holding down the Ctrl key and then pressing the Print Screen key. The Print Screen key is near the upper-right corner of your keyboard. (Depending on the type of keyboard you have, the exact key names on your keyboard may vary slightly.)



3. Click the Start button, located on the lower left-hand side of your desktop.


4. Click on All Programs.


5. Click on Accessories. 


7. Click on Paint.


8. In the paint window, hold down the Ctrl key and then press and release the V key. Your captured screenshot should then appear within the paint window.

9. To save the image, click on the File drop-down menu located in the upper left-hand side of the toolbar and click on Save As..

10. In the Save As window, browse to your desired save location, enter a filename on the File Name: field, and click Save to save your screenshot.




 


YOU GOT IT RIGHT??? 
HAVE A GOOD DAY!

Here is my ss about ip address of my college.

 

WHAT IS OP

Hello guys... okay today i'm gonna share about OP. What is that?
okay keep reading yaa.

Definition of Operating System:

1.    An operating system (OS) is a software, that manages the computer hardware, and provides common services for execution of various application software [4].  For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware [3].

2.    An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer [1].

Objectives of Operating System:

1.    Convenience: makes computer user friendly.

2.    Efficiency: allows computer to use resources efficiently.

3. Ability to evolve: constructed in a way to permit effective development, testing and introduction of new functions without interfering with service [6].

Functions of Operating System:

1.    Resource Management:  The resource management function of an OS allocates computer resources such as CPU time, main memory, secondary storage, and input and output devices for use [5].

a.     Process Management:  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management:

                                                             i.      Creating and deleting both user and system processes.

                                                          ii.      Suspending and resuming processes.

                                                       iii.      Providing mechanisms for process synchronization.

                                                       iv.      Providing mechanisms for process communication [4].

                                                          v.      Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling.

b.    Memory Management:  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory management:

                                                             i.      Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.

                                                          ii.       Deciding which processes and data to move into and out of memory.

                                                       iii.      Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed [4].

c.     Storage Management:

                                                             i.      File – System Management:  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with the file management:

·       Creating and deleting files

·       Creating and deleting directories to organize files.

·       Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories.

·       Mapping files onto secondary storage.

·       Backing up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage media [4].

                                                          ii.      Mass – Storage Management:  The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management:

·       Free-space Management

·       Storage Allocation

·       Disk Scheduling [4].

d.    Device Management:  One of the purposes of operating system is to hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user.

2.    Data Management:  The data management functions of an OS govern the input and output of the data and their location, storage, and retrieval [5].

3.    Job Management:  The job management function of an OS prepares, schedules, controls, and monitors jobs submitted for execution to ensure the most efficient processing. A job is a collection of one or more related programs and their data [5].

4.    Standard means of communication between user and computer:  The OS establishes a standard means of communication between users and their computer systems. It does this by providing a user interface and a standard set of commands that control the hardware [5]. 

5.  In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be running at the same time, the operating system determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn [1].

6.  It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications [1].

7.  It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports [1].

8. It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a system operator) about the status of operation and any errors that may have occurred [1].

9. It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for example, printing) so that the initiating application is freed from this work [1].

10. On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time [1].

11. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers [2].

12. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system [2].

Types of Operating System:

1.    Batch Operating System:  Batch operating system is the operating system which analyzes your input and groups them into batches i.e. data in each batch is of similar characteristics. And then it performs operation on each individual batch.

2.    Real-time:  A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They either have an event-driven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts [3].

a.   Hard real-time system:  It has the most stringent requirements, guaranteeing that real-time tasks be completed within their deadlines. Safety-critical systems are typically hard real-time systems [4].

b.    Soft real-time system:  It is less restrictive, simply providing that a critical real-time task will receive priority over other tasks and that it will retain that priority until it completes. Many commercial operating systems – as well as Linux – provide soft real-time support [4].

3.    Multi-user vs. Single-user:  A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system [3].

4.    Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking:  When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a defined manner. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used to support cooperative multitasking [3].

5.    Single-processor Systems:  On a single-processor system, there is one main CPU capable of executing a general-purpose instruction set, including instructions from user processes [4].

6.    Multi-processor Systems:  A multiprocessing operating system allows a program to run on more than one central processing unit (CPU) at a time. This can come in very handy in some work environments, at schools, and even for some home-computing situations.

a.    Asymmetric multiprocessing:  In this each processor is assigned a specific task. A master processor controls the system; the other processors either look to the master for instruction or have predefined tasks. This scheme defines a master-slave relationship. The master processor schedules and allocates work to the slave processors [4].

b.    Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP):  In this each processor performs all tasks within the operating system. SMP means that all processors are peers; no master-slave relationship exists between processors [4].

7.    Distributed:  A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system [3].

8.    Embedded: Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems [3].

gu

Windows

Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft. Each version of Windows includes a graphical user interface, with a desktopthat allows users to view files and folders in windows. For the past two decades, Windows has been the most widely used operating system for personal computers PCs.

Microsoft Windows is designed for both home computing and professional purposes. Past versions of Windows home editions include Windows 3.0 (1990), Windows 3.1 (1992), Windows 95 (1995), Windows 98 (1998), Windows Me (2000), Windows XP (2001), and Windows Vista (2006). The current version, Windows 7, was released in 2009.

The first business-oriented version of Windows, called Windows NT 3.1, was in 1993. This was followed by Windows 3.5, 4.0, and Windows 2000. When Microsoft released Windows XP in 2001, the company simply created different editions of the operating system for personal and business purposes. Windows Vista and Windows 7 have followed the same release strategy.

Windows is designed to run on standard x86 hardware, such as Intel and AMD processors. Therefore, it can be installed on multiple brands of hardware, such as Dell, HP, and Sony computers, as well as home-built PCs. Windows 7 also includes several touchscreen features, that allow the operating system to run on certain tablets and computers with touchscreen displays. Microsoft's mobile operating system, Windows Phone, is designed specifically for smartphones and runs on several brands of phones, including HTC, Nokia, and Samsung.

t5e BIOS

(ba(basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.

ter.

BIOS is an integral part of your computer and comes with it when you bring it home. (In contrast, the operating system can either be pre-installed by the manufacturer or vendor or installed by the user.) BIOS is a program that is made accessible to the microprocessor on an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip. When you turn on your computer, the microprocessor passes control to the BIOS program, which is always located at the same place on EPROM.

When BIOS boots up (starts up) your computer, it first determines whether all of the attachments are in place and operational and then it loads the operating system (or key parts of it) into your computer's random access memory (RAM) from your hard disk or diskette drive.

With BIOS, your operating system and its applications are freed from having to understand exact details (such as hardware addresses) about the attached input/output devices. When device details change, only the BIOS program needs to be changed. Sometimes this change can be made during your system setup. In any case, neither your operating system or any applications you use need to be changed.

Although BIOS is theoretically always the intermediary between the microprocessor and I/O device control information and data flow, in some cases, BIOS can arrange for data to flow directly to memory from devices (such as video cards) that require faster data flow to be effective.

SSTARTUP MENU

U

The Microsoft Windows Start Menu is the primary location in Windows to locate your installed programs and find any files or folders. By default, the Start Menu is accessed by clicking the Start button, located in the bottom left-hand corner of the Windows Desktop screen. The picture to the right is an example of how the Windows 7 Start Menu may appear.

Note: In Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, the Start Menu has been replaced by the Start Screen. The Start Menu returned in Windows 10 and is discussed later on this page.

Tip: You can press the Windows key on the keyboard or the Ctrl+Esc keyboard shortcut to open the Start Menu.

What is accessible in the Start Menu?

Below is an overview of the Windows Start Menu found in Microsoft Windows XP and Windows 7. If you have Windows 10 Skip down to the Windows 10 Start Menu section.

Left Pane

The left pane shows recently-run programs or any pinned program shortcuts. In the above example, there is one pinned program separated by a line and then the recently ran programs.

All Programs

At the bottom of the left pane is the "All Programs" option, which displays all programs that have been installed on the computer.

Search

Directly below the All Programs option is the "Search" bar. This useful feature allows you to type in the name of the program or file you're looking for and have the results displayed above.

Right Pane

The right pane shows each of the more commonly accessed sections of the computer, such as your Computer, Control Panel, Documents, Music, and Pictures.

Tip: You can find the version of Windows on your computer if you right-click on Computerand select Properties. In the System window you can view basic system properties, including the Windows version and access the Device Manager.

Shut down

At the bottom of the right pane is the Shut down button, which allows you to turn the computer off. You can also click the arrow next to the Shut down button to switch user, Log off, Restart, Sleep, or Hibernate the computer.

Windows Installer

Windows Installer (previously known as Microsoft Installer,^[3]codename Darwin^[4][5]) is a software component and application programming interface (API) of Microsoft Windows used for the installation, maintenance, and removal of software. The installation information, and optionally the files themselves, are packaged in installation packages, loosely relational databases structured as COM Structured Storages and commonly known as "MSI files", from their default filename extensions. Windows Installer contains significant changes from its predecessor, Setup API. New features include a GUI framework and automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence. Windows Installer is positioned as an alternative to stand-alone executable installer frameworks such as older versions of InstallShield and NSIS.

Before the introduction of Windows Store, Microsoft encouraged third parties to use Windows Installer as the basis for installation frameworks, so that they synchronize correctly with other installers and keep the internal database of installed products consistent. Important features such as rollback and versioning depend on a consistent internal database for reliable operation. Furthermore, Windows Installer facilitates the principle of least privilege by performing software installations by proxy for unprivileged users.

Format

The term "format" has several meanings, related to 1) disk formatting, 2) page formatting, and 3) file formats.

1) Disk formatting

In order for storage media, such as a hard drive or flash drive to be recognized by your computer, it first needs to be initialized, or "formatted." Formatting a disk involves testing the disk and writing a new file system onto the disk. This enables the computer to read the disk's directory structure, which defines the way files and folders are organized on the disk.

You can use a disk utility program to format or reformat a disk. This will create a blank, empty disk for storing your files. Therefore, only format disks that don't contain important data or make sure you have backed up your data before reformatting a disk!

When you reformat a disk, it will appear to be empty. This is because the directory structure has been rewritten, making the entire disk space available for writing new data. However, the old files are still on the disk. They just don't show up since they are no longer included in the directory structure. So if you accidentally format a disk (which is pretty hard to do), you may be able to retrieve your files using a disk utility such as Norton Disk Doctor or DiskWarrior.

2) Page formatting

The term "format" can also be used to describe the page layout or style of text in a word processing document. When you format the layout of a page, you can modify the page size, page margins, and line spacing. When you format the text, you can choose the font and font size, as well as text styles, such as bold, underlined, and italics.

3) File formats

A file format refers to the way data is saved within a file. For example, some files are saved in a plain text format, while others are saved as binary files. Software developers often create proprietary file formats for their programs, which prevents the files from being used by other applications.

reyrsources;

http ~https://techterms.com/definition/windows

htt~~http://operatingsystemfundas.blogspot.com/2012/05/post1.html

~`yi~https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/BIOS-basic-input-output-system

~G`~https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/startmen.html

`````~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Installer
 ~~`~https://techterms.com/definition/format



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